附录A
对于手动挡的车型而言，离合器是汽车动力系统的重要部件，它担负着将动力与发动机之间进行切断与连接的工作。在城市道路或者复杂路段驾驶时，离合器成了我们最频繁使用的部件之一，而离合器运用的好坏，直接体现了驾驶水平的高低，也体现了对于车辆保护的好坏。正确使用离合器，掌握离合器的原理以在特殊情况下利用离合器来解决问题，是每个驾驶手动挡车型的车友应该掌握的。
所谓离合器，顾名思义就是说利用“离”与“合”来传递适量的动力。离合器由摩擦片，弹，压盘以及动力输出轴组成，布置在发动机与变速箱之间，用来将发动机飞轮上储存的力矩传递给变速箱，保证车辆在不同的行驶状况下传递给驱动轮适量的驱动力和扭矩，属于动力总成的范畴。在半联动的时候，离合器的动力输入端与动力输出端允许有转速差，也就是通过其转速差来实现传递适量的动力。手动挡汽车驾驶技术
离合器分为三个工作状态，即不踩下离合器的全连动，部分踩下离合器的半连动，以及踩下离合器的不连动。当车辆在正常行驶时，压盘是紧紧挤靠在飞轮的摩擦片上的，此时压盘与摩擦片之间的摩擦力最大，输入轴和输出轴之间保持相对静摩擦，二者转速相同。当车辆起步时，司机踩下离合器，离合器踏板的运动拉动压盘向后靠，也就是压盘与摩擦片分离，此时压盘与飞轮完全不接触，也就不存在相对摩擦。
最后一种，也就是离合器的半连动状态。此时，压盘与摩擦片的摩擦力小于全连动状态。离合器压盘与
飞轮上的摩擦片之间是滑动摩擦状态。飞轮的转速大于输出轴的转速，从飞轮传输出来的动力部分传递给变速箱。此时发动机与驱动轮之间相当于一种软连接状态。
一般来说，离合器是在车辆起步和换挡的时候发挥作用，此时变速箱的一轴和二轴之间存在转速差，必须将发动机的动力与一轴切开以后，同步器才能很好的将一轴的转速保持与二轴同步，挡位挂进以后，再通过离合器将一轴与发动机动力结合，使动力继续得以传输。
在离合器中，还有一个不可或缺的缓冲装置，它由两个类似于飞轮的圆盘对在一起，在圆盘上打有矩形凹槽，在凹槽内布置弹簧，在遇到激烈的冲击时，两个圆盘之间的弹簧相互发生弹性作用，缓冲外界刺激。有效的保护了发动机和离合器。在离合器的各个配件中，压盘弹簧的强度，摩擦片的摩擦系数，离合器直径，摩擦片位置以及离合器数目就是决定离合器性能的关键因素，弹簧的刚度越大，摩擦片的摩擦系数越高，离合器的直径越大，离合器性能也就越好。
起步时需要有一定的半联动时间，以保证起步的平顺。坐新手开的车都有这样的
体会，要么起步时熄火，要么是一颤一颤出去的，这些都是半联动技巧没有掌握好的表现。汽车在起步的时候，变速箱的二轴是静止的，当我们挂一挡以前，需要踩下离合器，此时变速箱的一轴与动力分开，通过同步器挂上一挡以后，一轴也同样变为静止。动力从飞轮出来是有一定转速的，此时与一轴存在巨大的转速差，这也就是为何起步时对于半联动的要求要比换挡时高得多的主要原因，离合器
的前后部件一个静止一个运动。
这样的转速差必须由半联动来消化，也就是动力开始的时候部分传递给一轴，使车辆能以较平稳的姿态起步，一旦车辆行驶起来，转速差就会变得很小，此时将离合器完全抬起，就不会有冲击了。
坡道起步需要较高的半联动技巧。半联动可以消化发动机转速与车轮之间的转速差，也就是说可以有在动力已经传递到车轮上，但车轮并不运转的情况出现，这种情况常常发生在坡道。一般对于驾驶技术不熟练的驾驶员而言，在坡道起步时会拉起手刹，然后让离合器处于半联动状态，松下手刹，车辆保持静止，防溜车殃及后车。而车辆向后滑行的重力是由发动机提供的动力来抗衡的，而离合器则负责消除这里存在的转速差。
车辆处于这种情况下，驾驶员就能很轻松的起步了，继续踩下油门踏板让转速进一步提升获得足够的扭力，车辆就顺利坡起了。此时对于半联动的技巧要求较高，如果半联动力度太弱，就可能在松开手刹时车辆向后滑动，容易造成新手的惊慌失措，如果半联动力度过强则容易是车辆加速过猛而撞到前车。所以对于新手而言，此时可以让发动机转速略高，并采用较大的半联动力度，使车辆有个向前走的趋势时，再松开手刹。
新手驾驶的时候会存在一些离合器使用上的错误操作。作为新手，由于驾驶技术的不熟练，很难将油离很好的配合，导致在使用离合器的时候出现一些有损离合器的操作方法，而这些情况同样是出现在
半联动的时候。
避免离合器长时间处于半联动状态才能有效的保护离合器。有些新手刚上路时由于紧张，油离配合不好，害怕自己在起步时熄火灭车，于是就轰大油门而离合器却压得很低，半天也不全部抬起实现全联动，此时发动机的转速与一轴的转速存在巨大的转速差，而车辆则是慢慢起步的，这些巨大的转速差全部由离合器的半联动消化，这是非常毁离合器的做法。为了避免频繁的坡道起步，用脚半踩离合，这样能用半联动来控制车的行驶速度，也就是俗称闷着离合器走。
整个过程离合器都是发生滑动摩擦的，这种长时间的滑动摩擦也会损害离合器。开车上路总喜欢把左脚放到离合器踏板上，从而导致不自觉的压下了离合器踏板，车
辆长时间处于半联动状态。所有这些操作都会加速离合器片的磨损，对车辆的动力性和经济性都会造成损失。
离合器是汽车上一个频繁摩擦的部件，它会随着使用时间和使用频率的增加而产生磨损，就会产生离合器打滑现象。对于有经验的驾驶员是可以提早发现的，比如判断离合器是否打滑我们可以在原地着车时挂入一挡，这时不要松手刹，然后慢慢抬离合器直至完全抬起，如果在离合器抬起时，发动机熄火这就证明你的离合器不打滑，反正如果离合器都完全抬起了而车还不熄火就证明你的离合器有问题了。
还有就是在起步时明显感觉到离合器位置突然变高了，也是离合器打滑的前兆，再有就是我们在急加速时只是感觉发动机转速在不断升高，而车速却没有升高等等这些情况都是离合器打滑的征兆。当出现离合器磨损或打滑时我们要及时检查、更换，否则这会使发动机输出的动力不能有效的传递给输出轴上，而是将动力损失在离合器片与飞轮之间的滑动摩擦上，并将相互之间的摩擦转变为热能消耗掉，这样会导致动力传输下降，同时还会费油增加用车的成本。
附录B
Stick to the car, clutch is an important component of the auto power system, it bears will power and the engine cut and connection between the work. In urban road sections or complex, our most frequently used clutch became one of the components, and clutch, use directly reflects the driving of level, but also reflects the good protection for vehicles. Used correctly, principle of clutch clutch in special circumstances using clutch to solve problems, each block is driving the car manual should master enthusiasm.
So-called clutch, just as its name implies is using "from" and "close" to deliver the amount of power. By friction clutch, shrapnal, pressure plate and dynamic output shaft, decorate in the engine and transmission between, used to be the flywheel storage engine torque to gearbox, ensure vehicles in
different driving conditions apply to drive wheels, belong to the driving force and torque powertrain category. In half the time of the clutch, linkage power input and output power is allowed, namely through rotational speed to realize the amount of power transmission.
The clutch is divided into three working condition, not on the clutch type on the part of the clutch, under half step down, and the type of clutch type. When the vehicle in normal operation, the pressure plate is tightly packed on the friction of friction, pressure plate and the friction between the biggest slice, input shaft and the output shaft remains relatively static friction between both speed and in the same. When the vehicle, the driver started on the clutch pedal, clutch platen movement by pulling back, also is the pressure plate and friction slices, pressure plate and the separation of the flywheel no contact will not exist relatively friction.
Finally, also is a type of clutch. At this time, the pressure plate and the friction in small type. Clutch disc friction slices with flywheel is sliding friction between state. The flywheel speed than the output shaft speed, the power transmission from the flywheel part to the gearbox. This engine and driving wheel is equivalent to a soft connection between state. Generally speaking, the clutch is started and shift in vehicles, at the time of transmission shaft and a second shaft rotation difference exists between the power of the engine, must be with a shaft cut, can be very good synchronizer will keep
a shaft speed and synchronous, block into later, again with a shaft through clutch of engine power, power continue to transmit.
In the clutch, and an indispensable buffering device, it consists of two similar to the flywheel disc disc playing together, in rectangular groove is decorated in the slots in the spring, the impact of fierce encounter between the two disks, spring, mutual happen elastic cushion external stimuli. Effective protection of engine and clutch. In all parts of the clutch platen, intensity of spring, the friction coefficient, clutch friction, diameter and clutch position number is the key factor decision clutch performance, the stiffness of hydropneumatic spring, the friction coefficient is higher, the diameter of the clutch, clutch performance is better.
When beginning to have time, to ensure the linkage of half started smoothly. Sit novice car have such experience, or remove, or started a quiver yishan, these are not good skills and
linkage. The car at the start of the second shaft, gearbox, when we are still hang a block, need on the clutch, a transmission axis and power, through the synchronizer hang a block, a shaft also become motionless. Power is out from the flywheel, there must be a rotating shaft with great speed, which is why started to half of requirements than the shift much when the main reason, clutch before a stationary components, a movement.
So the speed of the poor by half linkage to digest must, is at the beginning of the power transmission shaft, and give a part of the vehicle to a smooth start posture, once the vehicle, speed difference will become small, at this time will clutch, there won't be fully up the impact.
Start to higher ramps and linkage skills. Half the speed and the engine can be digested linkage between the wheel speed difference, i.e., the power can be passed to the wheel, but not running wheel, which often occurred in the ramp. General for driving technology not skilled driver, start up the ramp when handbrake, then let the clutch is linkage, panasonic, vehicle handbrake stationary car after disaster prevention, slip. The gravity of the slide backwards and vehicle by the engine is the power to provide against, and clutch is responsible for eliminating the speed difference exists here.
Vehicles in this kind of circumstance, the driver can easily start, continue to trample accelerator pedal to obtain enough to further improve speed of torsion, vehicle goes up the slope. Now the skills required for half a linkage, if half linkage too weak, might efforts in the open hand brake when slide backwards, easy to cause the vehicle's panic, if half of a joint efforts, easy is accelerating and hit limber fast-drawing. So for beginners, can let the engine speed slightly tall, and the greater half linkage, make vehicles have a walk when the trend, and loosen the handbrake.
When will the novice driving some mistakes on the use of the clutch. As a novice, due to driving technology, it will be difficult to unskilled oil from good coordination, resulting in use when the clutch of some beneath the clutch, and these operating methods are also appeared in the half of time.
Avoid clutch at half time state can effectively protect the linkage of clutch. Some of the novice just when due to stress, oil from bad cooperation and started out in the car, then remove and clutch shot big throttle pressure very low, but also don't lift realize all along, the linkage of engine speed and a shaft rotational speed of the huge, and vehicle speed is slowly started, the great speed of all poor by clutch linkage, this is very destroyed digestion. Clutch, In order to avoid using the ramp frequent trample brake, so half feet in half the speed KongZhiChe linkage to, or a clutch. Frowsty
The whole process of sliding friction clutch occurs, the long time of sliding friction will damage the clutch. Driving on the left foot in general like the clutch not consciously, resulting in the clutch pedal under pressure for a long time, the vehicles at half linkage. All of these operations can accelerate the clutch disc wear, the dynamic performance and fuel economy of vehicle can cause damage.
The clutch is a frequent automobile parts of the friction over time, it will be increased frequency of use and wear, and can produce clutch skid phenomenon. For experienced pilots can be found, such
as advance whether we can judge the clutch in situ skidding car when a block, then hang soonly, and then slowly lift clutch brake up until completely, if the clutch lift, engine flameout this proof of your clutch not sliding, anyway if the clutch is