Practical English Writings
实用应用文写作
• Styles and Features in Language of English Practical Writing
Classification of Practical English Writing
汽车驾照考试• 英语应用文包括各国政府、民间团体、企事业单位或个人相互往来所使用的书信、商务文书、礼仪文书、契约文书、单据表格、会务文书等。
The function of Practical English Writing
• 在国际交往中的主要作用：
      (1) 规约作用
      (2) 知照作用
      (3) 凭证作用
东莞奇瑞
Language Features and Writing Ways
• 完整
    一篇好的涉外英语应用文，必须对读者（对方或公众）提供所有需要的信息，或者答复读者所提出的一切问题和要求，务必使所有的事情都得到阐明和论述，所有的问题都得到答复和解释。
• 为了检验你所写的应用文的完整性，我们可以使用5个W (Who, What, When, Where, Why) 和一个 H (How)。例如：
                                  NOTICE
                                              Dec. 31,2003
    All the staffs of Accounts Department are requested to be ready to attend the meeting in the conference room on Tuesday, at 3:00pm, Jan 6, 2004, to discuss the financial statement of last year.
                                          Accounts Dept.
2. 具体
  任何一种英语应用文应当具体、明确和有说服力，而不应含糊、笼统和抽象。特别是合同、协议、通知、启事、招领、海报、广告和需要做出具体答复等的信函，必须强调具体使用的事实、数据和时间。如：
①We wish to confirm our telex dispatched
      yesterday.(我们确认昨天发出的电传)
Revised:  We confirm our telex of July 2, 
                2000.(我方确认 2000年7月2日的电传)
②These brakes stop a car within a short distance. (这些制动器能在短距离内把车煞住)
Revised:
    These type SM02 power brakes can stop a 4-ton car traveling 65 miles an hour within 300 feet. (这些SM02型动力制动器可使时速65英里的4吨汽车在300英尺内制动)
3 清楚
清楚，是英语应用文的主要语言特点之一。所谓清楚，就是要确保你所写的内容清楚，不被误解。要写得恰到好处，使读者不假思索就能理解你的要点为宜。要达到上述目的，必须注意下列几点：
1) 选择简明易懂的词语，尽量避免意义上模棱两可的词语和句子。例如：
• 特斯拉冬季门把手被冻住As to the steamer sailing from Shanghai to Los Angeles, we have bimonthly direct services.
• “bimonthly” has two meanings here. One is “twice a month”, another is “once every two months”.
• Revised: 
a)  We have a direct sailing from Shanghai to Los Angeles every two months.(从上海到洛杉矶，每两月一次直达船。) 
b)  We have a direct sailing from Shanghai to Los Angeles semimonthly.(从上海到洛杉矶，我们每半月有一次直达船。)
c) We have two direct sailings every month from Shanghai to Los Angeles. (从上海到洛杉矶，我们每月有两次直达船。)
又如：Cotton and silk blouses made in China enjoy a good market in the European market.  (中国制造的棉质与丝质女衫在欧洲市场销路很好。)
• 本句中，“market” 有两个含义---“销路”和“市场” 在英语应用文写作中，特别是在商务信函、合同、协议、销售确认书等文书中，应当在同一句子里尽量避免像“market” 这样具有两种不同含义的词。
• Revised:
  Cotton and silk blouses made in China sell best in the European market.
2) 注意修饰词的位置，同一修饰词放到句中不同位置，会导致句子的含义不同。 例如：
① We can supply 50 tons of the item only. (我们只供这种商品50吨。)
② We can supply only 50 tons of the item. (我们能供这种商品仅限50吨。)
3) 注意代名词的指代对象和关系代词与现行词的关系。例如：
They informed Messrs. Smith & Brown that they would receive a reply in a few days.
Revised:  They informed Messrs. Smith & Brown that the later would receive the reply in a few days. (史密斯.布朗公司将在近日内得到答复。)
  es
4）注意逻辑上的合理， 句子结构上的多变，情节上的紧凑和意义上的连贯。首先，必须注意分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语的一致。例如：
① Being a registered accountant, I’m sure you can help us.
Revised: Being a registered accountant, you can certainly help us. (作为一名……。)
      As you are a registered accountant, I’m sure you can help us. (因为你是……我坚信……。)
其次是，应当注意句子结构的多变，例如：
② We have received your letter of April 4. We are sorry for the wrong dispatch. We will do something about it. (单调，乏味)
Revised: Thank you for your letter of April 4. We regret that we have dispatched the wrong goods and will do something for compensation.
（你方4月4日来函收悉，谢谢，得知我方发错了货，深表遗憾。我们将为此做点补偿。 ）
第三， 意义上的连贯是值得考虑的。例如:
③ We wrote a letter. It was addressed to Mr. Henry. He is the sales manager.
Revised: We wrote a letter to Mr. Henry, the sales manager.
第四，应当注意情景上的紧凑。 例如：
④ We have received your letter of July 1st and it contained a complete set of shipping documents. (and使情节不紧凑)
Revised : We’ve received your letter of July 1st containing a complete set of shipping documents.(7月1日来函及所附全套装船单据均已收悉。)
5）注意全文的逻辑性。写信之前，要考虑好表达的先后次序和内容的合理安排与分段，每个重点成一段是一般的分段原则。
例如，如果你想写一封未按期交货的投诉信，应先根据表达的顺序列出大纲：
① 供货者的许诺
② 没有履行诺言
③失诺给你造成的损失
奥迪a5敞篷报价④提出索赔，希望理赔
4 简明
简明被认为是最重要的写作原则和语言特点，它节约作者和读者的时间。简明指的是尽可能地用精辟的文笔清楚地表达你需要表达的内容。而又毫不损害完整、具体和礼貌。要达到此目的，必须遵循下面几条准则：
（1）长话短说，尽力避免啰嗦。
You shouldn’t use:        You’d better use:
at this time ---------              now
come to a decision ---------    decide
during the time that ---------  while
express a preference for------ prefer
due to the fact that---------    because
 
On the basis of -------      by
in the matter of  ------    about
It should be pointed out that----
                          Please notice that
宾尼法利纳concur(同意，赞成) ------  agree
initiate(开始)-----------      begin