汉英翻译中的“形合”和“意合”
英语重视“形合”（hypotactic），⽽汉语重视“意合”（paratactic）。形合采⽤句法⼿段（syntactic devices）或词汇⼿段（lexical devices）实现内部的连接或句⼦间的连接。意合采⽤语义⼿段（semantic connection）实现内部的连接或句⼦间的连接。（⽅梦之，2004）
英语注重形合，语句各成分的相互结合常⽤适当的连接词语或各种语⾔连接⼿段，以表⽰其结构关系。在阅读英语时，通过逻辑关系词或连接词就可以弄清语句的逻辑关系，为语义呈现打下来基础。汉语重意合，句中各成分之间或句⼦之间的结合多依靠语义的贯通，少⽤连接语。这意味着，在汉语语句中，尽管不存在或很少存在逻辑关系词或连接词，但仍然暗含很多逻辑关系。所以，在汉译英过程中，我们⾮常重视发掘其中暗含的逻辑关系，充分实现⽬标语境中的“形合”。这是汉译英翻译的难点。译者均对此⽐较重视。
但在实际汉译英过程中，可能过于重视形合⽽忽视英语中意合。在本⽂的⼏个案例发现英译汉中，我们发现汉译英也存在⼀些“意合”的问题。通过修改和调整，我们翻译如何做到汉译英的“形合”和“意合”兼备。
I. “形合”和“意合”的区别
通过以下案例看⼀下英语⾥的“形合”与汉语⾥的“意合”的区别。
例1：
当前，分享经济主要有分享式、众筹式和租赁式三种模式，都有代表性成果出现，这些服务模式的提供，为科普产业的发展提供了借鉴。
⼀般表达：Currently, sharing economy comes with the three modes: sharing, crowdfunding and leasing. They(These modes)all have delivered typical outcomes and also give some ideas to the science popularization industry.
重视形合的表达：Currently, sharing economy comes with the three modes: sharing,crowdfunding and leasing, whichall have delivered typical outcomes and also give some ideas to the science popularization industry.
【分析】⾸先看汉语，句⼦意义完整。汉语母语的读者很容易理解。这就是汉语的“意合”——语义全部表达清楚，语句不拗⼝。这就已经⾜够了。然后我们看译⽂，后⼀句⽤从句，明显逻辑关系更紧密，符合英语下的“形合”。⽽第⼀句，本⾝并没有错，实际上汉语思维下的表达。反过来看，如果英译汉，我们⾄少会把“which”翻译成“他们”或“这些模式”。通过以上案例，可看出形合和意合的区别，实际上是思维形式的不同。
II. 汉语中“意合”
2.1 概述
汉语中尽可能准确并流畅地阐述语义，以“语义”为上。但看似平铺直叙的句⼦，其各部分之间可能存在⼀些隐含关系，如修饰（定语、状语、补语）、因果、递进、转折等。⽽我们在理解过程中，因为作为母语阅读者的缘故，已经潜移默化地将这些隐含的关系融⼊到了理解中。我们理解了，但不必表现出来。
例2：
欧托凯勃集团1933年成⽴于德国科隆，⽬前在世界各地共拥有8家独资⼦公司，为世界知名的客户，如戴姆勒奔驰、宝马、⼤众、通⽤、福特、奥迪、布加迪、保时捷等提供⾼端产品及其服务。
【分析】看上句中⽂，其总体⼤意罗列了以下内容：欧托凯勃集团成⽴时间、公司规模、服务的客户、产品层次。从字⾯上看，没有特殊的逻辑关系；如不加深究，直译即可。
【译⽂1】Auto-Kabel was established in 1933 in Cologne, Germany, has 8 wholly owned subsidiaries across the world currently and is delivering high-endproducts and services to a crowd of world famous customers like Daimler Benz,BMW, Volkswagen, General Motors, Ford, Audi, Bugatti and Porsche.
【修改1】Established in 1933 in Cologne, Germany, Auto-Kabel has 8 wholly owned subsidiaries acro
ss the world
【修改1】Established in 1933 in Cologne, Germany, Auto-Kabel has 8 wholly owned subsidiaries across the world currently and is delivering high-endproducts and services to a crowd of world famous customers like Daimler
Benz,BMW, Volkswagen, General Motors, Ford, Audi, Bugatti and Porsche.
【修改2】Established in Cologne, Germany in 1933, Auto-Kabel with 8 wholly owned subsidiaries across the world is delivering high-end products andservices to a crowd of world famous customers like Daimler Benz, BMW,Volkswagen, General Motors, Ford, Audi, Bugatti and Porsche.
【修改3】Established in 1933 and headquartered in Cologne, Germany, Auto-Kabelwith 8 wholly owned subsidiaries across the world is delivering high-end products and services to a crowd of world famous customers like Daimler Benz, BMW,Volkswagen, General Motors, Ford, Audi, Bugatti and Porsche.
【分析】译⽂1中的问题：1. 并列句过多；2. 并列句结构不对等，事态差异和谓语动词不协调。修改译⽂将部分语义⽚段转换为不同句⼦结构，如状语和后置定语。再看修改的译⽂，其句⼦结构更加匀称，更符合英语“形合”的表达。
2.2 汉语注重形合的原因
1）语⾔传统的影响
现代汉语由古代汉语发展⽽来。古汉语连句读都没有。不太重视形合。
例3:
虎求百兽⽽⾷之，得狐。狐⽈：“⼦⽆敢⾷我也！天帝使我长百兽，今⼦⾷我，是逆天帝命也。⼦以我为不信，吾为⼦先⾏，⼦随我后，观百兽之见我⽽敢不⾛乎？”
A tiger went about in search of other weak animals for food. Once in his hunting, he happed to find a fox. “You won’t dare to eat me,” said the fox, “as I am head of all animals appointed by God. It is against the will of God, if you eat me now.In case you don’t believe what I say, let us go together.You just follow me as I go ahead to see if there is any animal that does not run away when I pass.”
2）母语读者的优势
作为母语使⽤者，我们更易于理解汉语。即使丢掉某些连词或介词，仍然能理解。
例3：
（因为）他不⽼实，我不能信任他。
Because he is not honest, I can’t trust him.
3）避免累赘
在充分理解的基础之上，将⼀些⽆关紧要的词省略，以保持简洁。
例4：
He started to cry.
译⽂1：他开始哭了。
译⽂2：他哭了起来。
【分析】侧重核⼼语义“cry”，忽略了“started to”，充分体现了汉语的“意合”。
2.3 汉语意合中隐藏的“形”
2.3 汉语意合中隐藏的“形”
这⾥所说的“形”指的是：修饰关系、逻辑关系等。
分析以下案例的译⽂，看是否丢失了某些关系。（需要⼤家帮助出隐藏的关系）
例5：
家福特85年来，欧托凯勃以深耕于汽车线束领域并不断创新，书写了⼀部不断发展壮⼤的企业成功史。
【译⽂1】In the past 85 years, Auto-Kabel has made unremitting endeavor andcontinual innovation and gained a grand success in the auto harness field.（直译）
【译⽂2】In the past 85 years, Auto-Kabel has created a grand success by unremitting endeavor andcontinual innovationin the auto harness field.（将“深耕和创新”处理为⽅式状语，逻辑上体现为⼿段或⽅式）
【译⽂3】In the past 85 years, Auto-Kabel has kept expanding and gained successby making deep engagement and continual innovation in the auto harness field.（对意义进⾏了补充）
【译⽂4】Over the past 85 years, Auto-Kabel has gained constant grand success thanks toits unremitting dedication and continual innovation in the auto harness field. （同上）
【译⽂5】In the past 85 years, Auto-Kabel has kept on unremitting dedication and continual innovation, finally gaining a grand success. （“成就部分”⽤作了补语，逻辑上体现为递进或补充）
例6：
学识渊博、有着⾃⼰独到管理哲学的沈巍先⽣曾在世界500强和中⼩型外企都⼯作过，这让沈巍先⽣积累了丰富的专业能⼒和管理经验。
【译⽂1】Shen has worked in some foreign enterprises, including the ones listed in Fortune Global 500, and accumulated abundance of management abilitiesand experiences.
【译⽂2】Shen has worked in some foreign enterprises, including the ones listed in Fortune Global 500, in which he accumulated abundance of management abilities and experiences.（in which体现了衔接关系）
【译⽂3】Shen has accumulated abundance of management abilities and experiences during his past career in some foreign enterprises, including the ones listed in Fortune Global 500. （时间状语）
【译⽂4】Mr. Shen Wei, who is knowledgeable and has his own managementphilosophy, accumulates abundance of management abilities and experiences afterworking in some foreign enterprises, includin
g those listed in Fortune Global 500 and the small and medium-sized ones. （意义补充）
【译⽂4】Having worked in some foreign enterprises including several listed in Fortune 500, Shen has acquired abundant management abilities and experiences.（⼯作经历部分⽤作了前置状语）
例7：
巩固发展反腐败⽃争压倒性胜利，加强威慑推进官员不敢腐、不能腐、不想腐。
【译⽂1】Consolidate the sweeping victory obtained in the anti-graft campaign and ensure that officials "don't dare to, are unable to and have no desire to" commit acts of corruption.
【分析】原⽂没有主语，需要补充还是做使⽤被动语态。
【译⽂2】The sweeping victory that has been secured in the anti-graft campaign must be consolidated by
【译⽂2】The sweeping victory that has been secured in the anti-graft campaign must be consolidated by strengthening deterrenceso thatofficials "don't dare to, are unable to and have no desire to "commit acts of corruption.（“by strengthening deterrence”⽤作“⽅式”，“so that”体现递进）
【译⽂3】We must/shouldconsolidate the sweeping victory obtained in the anti-graft campaign by strengthening deterrence so that officials "don't dare to, are unable to and have no desire to" commit acts of corruption.（补充主语，形成完整的句式）
【注】：在翻译此类风格⽂本时，两个译⽂可作为良好范例。
例8：
⾃2002年《中华⼈民共和国科学技术普及法》（以下简称《科普法》）颁布以来，国家⼤⼒⽀持社会⼒量兴办科普事业，社会⼒量兴办科普事业可以按照市场机制运⾏。
【译⽂1】Since the promulgation of "the Science and Technology Popularization Law of the People's Republic of China" (hereinafter referred to as "the Science and Technology Popularization Law") in 2002, the country has supported strongly the establishment and development of science popularization causes by social forces and their business can operate under market mechanism.
【译⽂2】In 2002, "the Science and Technology Popularization Law of the People's Republic of China" (hereinafter referred to as "the Scienceand Technology Popularization Law") was promulgated. Since that, the country has been giving strong supports to the establishment and development of science po
pularization causes by social forces, under which, science popularization businesses can operate smoothly under market mechanism.（通过两个句⼦表述，避免句式过于复杂；通过“under which”引导从句，拉紧了后⼀句中两部分的逻辑关系）
例9：
我们参与了铝线束产品的标准制定，在材料研发、加⼯等⽅⾯都有专利，很多整车⼚都借鉴欧托凯勃铝线束标准。
【译⽂1】We have participated in the formulation of a series of aluminum harness product standards, and have patents in material research and development. In addition, many motor makers follow our standards.
【译⽂2】We have participated in the formulation of a series of aluminum harness product standards, which have been applied by many motormakers, and taken out a string of patents in material research, development and other links.（第⼀个和第三个分句关系最近，因此放在⼀起阐述，两部分之间逻辑关系通过定语从句实现。）
例10：
我们是德国⼀家私营公司，在铝线束细分领域是全球最⼤的。
【译⽂1】We are a private company in Germany, the biggest one in the global aluminium harness segment market.
【译⽂2】We are a company in Germany, but an aluminium harness giant in the global market. (通过转折实现两个分句语义的对⽐，强化后半句的语义——尽管位于德国，但在国际市场上地位很最重要。)
【译⽂3】As a company in Germany, we become an aluminium harness giant in the global market. （第⼀部分⽤作了前置同位语）
在本⽂的初稿中，例5⾄例10仅给出了初步的译⽂；⽽更多的修改版本，是同事们在翻译讨论过程中形成的。讨论集中围绕汉英翻译如何实现英语语境下的“形合”⽽展开，不断发掘出汉语语⾔原⽂中隐含的“关系或连接”。讨论氛围活跃，崭新的创意不断出现。有的译⽂多⼤5个版本，各版本采⽤了不同的翻译技巧，给出了不同语义侧重点。
本⽂成稿是建⽴在团体讨论的基础之上，是集体创意的整合。因此，形成本⽂的过程，其意义远⼤于其内容本⾝。团体讨论是团队成员相互学习、共同进步的重要途径。
（作者：王彦鹏）
（作者：王彦鹏）
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