1.an understanding of how the systems work help you understand how the automobile works .了解各系统如何工作有助于了解汽车是如何工作的。
2.these support the vehicle and cushion it from road bumps for better ride and handling.
它们支撑着车身，并缓解由于路面不平引起的颠簸，以获得更好的乘坐舒适型和操作稳定性。3.The purpose of an automobile engine is to supply the power needed to move the vehicle.
汽车发动机的功用是提供汽车行驶所需的动力
4.The internal combustion engine is a device used to convert the chemical energy of the
fuel into heat energy .and then convert this heat energy into usable mechanical energy .
内燃机是一种将燃料的化学能转化为热能，再把热能转化为可利用的机械能的装置。
5.The amount of air/fuel mixture allowed to enter the cylinder determines the power and
speed developed by the engine .进入汽缸中的可燃混合气体的数量，决定了该发动机的功
率和转速。
6.Reducing friction to minimize wear and loss of power is the primary job a lubrication
system must perform.减少摩擦，降低磨损和动力损失是润滑系统必须完成的主要工作。
7.The clutch which includes the flywheel ,clutch disc ,pressure plate ,springs , cover and the linkage necessary to operate the clutch is    a rotating mechanism between the engine and transmission .离合器是位于发动机和变速器之间的一个旋转装置，它包括飞轮，离合器摩擦片，压盘。压紧弹簧。离合器盖以及操作离合器所需要的连接杆件等。
8.To start the engine Or shift the gear ,the driver has to depress the clutch pedal with the
purpose of disengagement the transmission from the engine .at that time .the driven members connected to the transmission input shaft are either stationary or rotating at a speed that is slower or faster than the driving members connected to the engine crankshaft .为了启动发动机或换挡，驾驶员必须踩下离合器踏板以便于实现变速器和发动
机的分离，此时。与变速器输入轴相连的离合器从动件可能处于静止状态，也可能以一定的速度旋转，这一速度可能高于或低于与发动机相连的离合器主动件的旋转速度。
9.either way .pushing the pedal down operates the disengagement mechanism which puts pressure on
the fingers of the clutch diaphragm via a release bearing and cause the diaphragm to release the clutch plate .无论采用哪种方式，踩下踏板，操纵分离机构，通
过分离轴承对离合器膜片弹簧施加压力。均可以解除膜片弹簧对离合器盘的压紧！
10.The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that are designed to work together in    a symphony of planetary gear sets ,the hydraulic system ,seals and gaskets .the torque converter ,the governor and the modulator or throttle cable and computer control that has evolved over the years into what many mechanically included individuals consider to be an art form .自动变速器由许多的部件和系
统组成，它们有行星齿轮组，液压系统，密封圈，和密封衬垫，变矩器，油压调节器，调制
器，节气门拉索，电子控制装置等，经过精心设计，运作协调，其中的电子控制装置经历了
多年的发展，已经巧妙的形式融入了许多人性化的设计。
11..in this scenario ,when we turn the ring gear ,the planets will walk along the sun gear (which is held stationary )causing the planet carrier to turn the output shaft in the same
direction as the input shaft but at a slower speed causing gear reduction (similar to a car in
the first gear )
.在这种情况下，当转动齿圈，行星齿轮将沿着被固定的太阳轮运行，从而行星齿轮架带动
输出轴以与输入轴相同方向的旋转但速率较小，来实现减速（类似于普通变速器的一档）
12..The final drive assembly also provide gear reduction so that the drive wheels spin more slowly than the drive shaft .主减速器总成具有减速作用，因而驱动轮要比传动轴转的
慢。
13，.brakes are actually energy conversion devices ,which convert the kinetic energy (momentum ) o f the vehicle into thermal energy (heat ).when stepping on the brake
s ,the driver command s    a stopping force ten time s as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion .制动器实际上就是能量转换装置，它讲汽车的动能转化为热能，当
驾驶员踩下制动踏板，所产生的制动力是汽车运动时动力的十倍。
16.the typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brake s
in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to
the master cylinder .常见的制动系统布置有前后盘式，前盘后鼓式，各个车轮上的制动器
通过一套管路系统连接到制动主缸上。
14..The parking brake system controls the rear brakes through a serious of steel cables
that are connected to either a hand lever or a foot pedal .the idea is that the system is fully mechanical and completely bypasses the hydraulic system so that the vehicle can be brought to a stop even if there is a total brake failure .驻车制动系统通过一套与操纵手柄与
踏板相连的钢缆来操纵后轮制动器，这套系统是机械式的，且与液压系统并联，从而保证在整个液压制动系统失灵的情况下汽车也能实现制动。
< most cars ,it takes three to four complete revolutions of the steering wheel to make
the wheel s turn from lock to lock (from far left to far right )
对于大多数汽车来说，使转向轮从一侧的极限位置偏转到嫩一侧的极限位置，（从最左侧到最右侧）转向盘需要转动三到四圈。
16.different tooth pitch (number of teeth per inch )in the center than it has on the outside .
有些汽车采用可变传动比的转向器，在其齿轮齿条机构中，齿条中心与两端的齿距，（每英寸的齿数）不同。
17.instead of twisting further into the block the way a regular bolt would ,this bolt is held
fixed so that when it spins ,it moves the block ,which moves the gear that turns the wheels .
由于转向螺栓的轴向是固定的，所以螺杆转动时，没有像通常那样螺杆向螺母深处前进，而是使螺母沿螺杆轴向移动，从而带动齿扇轴，最后偏转转向轮。
18. as The Vanes spin ,they pull hydraulic fluid from the return line at low pressure force it
into the outlet at high pressure .随着叶片的转动，从回油管吸入低压油然后把它压向出油
口，以高压油输出。
汽车lsd19.The compressed spring when force is removed ,returns to its original position ,the distance that a spring compressed under force depends on the rate of the spring.当压紧力撤除时，被压紧的弹簧恢复到初始状态，在压力作用下，弹簧的压缩变形量取决于该弹簧的
刚度。
vibrations .The links hold the axle in place and keep it from moving from side to side or
forward and backward .在螺栓和控制壁之间装有橡胶衬套，这些衬套可以缓解振动。这些
控制壁确保后桥工作在正确的位置，防止它左右或前后移动。
unit1
body 车身chassis 底盘enclosure外壳、套hood车棚、车顶sway 摇摆frame车架steering转向、操作brake 制动weld焊接rivet铆钉bolt螺钉washer垫圈vibration 振动stabilizer稳定器ride乘坐舒适性handling操作稳定性linkages转向传动机构plier钳子distributor分电器alternator交流发电机regulator调节器carburetor化油器radiator散热器、水箱defroster除冰装置sludge金属碎屑transmission变速器differential 差速器power train 传动系unitized body 承载式车身suspension system 悬架系统steering system 转向系braking system 制动系shock absorbers减震器control arms控制臂steering wheel 转向盘steering column转向管柱steering gears 转向器tie rod 横拉杆idler arm随动臂brake shoe制动蹄disc brake 盘式制动器drum brakes 鼓式制动器ignition system 点火系统exhaust system 排气系统lubrication system 润
滑系oil filters 机油滤清器drive（or propeller）shaft传动轴universal joints 万向节
unit2
longitudinal纵向的transverse横向的reciprocate往复spin旋转piston活塞ignite点火rub摩擦quart夸脱reservoir油箱mechanical机械的enclosed被附上的gallon加仑stroke冲程camshaft凸轮轴combustion燃烧disengaged脱离啮合的flywheel飞轮internal-combustion engine内燃机diesel-fuel柴油LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas液化石油气体CNG=Compressed natural gas压缩天然气spark ignition火花点火compression ignition压缩点火spark plug火花塞gas-turbine engine蒸汽机Stirling engine斯特灵发动机lubricating system润滑系统oil pan油底壳oil pump机油泵exhaust system排气系统emission-control system排放控制系统energy conversion能量转换air/fuel ratio空燃比connecting rod连杆TDC=Top Dead Center上止点BDC=Bottom Dead Center 下止点intake stroke进气冲程compression stroke压缩冲程power stroke作功冲程exhaust stroke排气冲程compression ratio压缩比
unit3
residual剩余的varnish积碳buildup组合adhesion粘着cleanser清洁剂sludge油泥grime污垢clog填塞gum粘合trough水槽baffle隔板sump油底壳crankcase曲轴
箱porosity多孔性periphery外围synthetic合成的additive添加剂antiscuff防磨损overhaul大修neutralize使无效agitation激动start-up启动engine block气缸体dry-sump 干油底壳wet-sump湿油底壳pickup tube机油吸油管filter screen滤网full-flow filtering system全流式滤清器pressure-relief valve安全阀bypass valve旁通阀gear type oil pump 齿轮泵jockey pulley张紧轮corrosion inhibitor阻蚀剂detergent-dispersant清洁分散剂viscosity index粘度指数foam inhibitor泡沫抑制剂
unit8
clutch离合器flywheel飞轮stationary静止的stationary扭转的crankshaft曲轴stall停转mount安放groove沟lever杆pivot支点gearbox变速器retract缩回compactness紧密drive train传动系drive shaft传动轴pressure plate压盘clutch disc离合器从动盘gear ratio 传动比release bearing分离轴承release fork分离拨叉master cylinder主缸clutch pedal离合器踏板coupling device接合装置at idle空转couple with与...连接ring gear齿圈pinion gear 小齿轮splined hub花键毂cast iron铸铁diaphragm spring膜片弹簧thrust pad止推垫engage with与...啮合centrifugal force离心力fulcrum ring导轴衬bell housing离合器壳
unit9
hump圆形隆起transaxle变速驱动桥tuck挤进gasket垫圈governor调速器modulator调制器spline花键bone结合strap皮带doughnut油炸圈饼stator定子maze曲径submerge淹没quart夸脱downshift向下换挡o
ptimal最佳的solenoid电磁线圈retrieve回cork软木塞manipulate操作fluid coupling液力耦合器torque converter液力变矩器planetary gear set 行星齿轮组throttle cable节气门拉索ring gear齿圈high gear高速档reverse gear倒档sprag clutch楔块式超越离合器centrifugal force离心力gear up使换快档stick shift顶档杆vacuum hose真空软管throttle valve节流阀leak out泄露windshield wiper风窗玻璃刮水器unit10
differential差速器hypoid准双曲面的intersect相交mesh啮合traction静止的limited-slip differential（LSD）防滑差速器drive shaft传动轴axle shaft半轴final drive assembly主减速器总成gear reduction齿轮减速gear reduction ratios齿轮减速比side gear半轴齿轮pinion shaft行星齿轮轴drive pinion主动小齿轮
unit11
disastrous灾难性的hood发动机罩plunger柱塞sponginess海绵性的malfunction故障
bypass迂回corkscrew开塞钻inoperative不起作用的booster调压器slam冲击screech发出尖锐的声音thumping极大的momentarily即刻thermal energy热能master cylinder制动主缸brake pedal制动踏板brake hose制动软管slave cylinder轮缸drum brake鼓式制动器brake shoe制动蹄bleeder screw放气螺钉spongy pedal踏板发软panic stop紧急制动friction lining比例阀equalizer valve平衡阀pressure differential valve差压阀combination valve组合阀emergency brake紧急制动器brake booster制动助力器flat spot平点hydraulic actuator液压传动机构
unit12
perpendicular垂直的intersect相交enclose装入mechanism机械装置rack齿条spindle轴revolution旋转slightly轻微的fluid液体linkage连接threaded带着螺纹的engage接合spin回旋recirculate在循环slope斜坡oval卵形的outlet出口exert尽力utilize利用consumption消费eliminate除去spindle轴steering system转向系统rack-and-pinion齿条齿轮式recirculating ball循环球式steering ratio转向减速比variable-ratio steering可变速比转向tooth pitch齿距turning limit转向限值power-steering system动力转向系统worm gear涡轮pitman arm转向臂threaded rod螺杆ball bearing球轴承rotary-vane pump叶片泵retractable vane可伸缩叶片pressure-relief valve安全阀rotary valve回转阀spool-valve滑阀electronic control system电子控制系统
unit13
alignment调正bump碰撞deflect使什么偏斜clamp夹子pivot支点rebound回弹strut支柱lengthwise纵向的vibration振动asymmetrical不均匀的semielliptical半椭圆的bracket 托架staggered错列的unit body组合车身coil spring螺旋弹簧leaf spring钢板弹簧torsion bar扭力杆station wagons旅行车spring eye钢板弹簧卷耳rubber bushing橡胶衬套bolt head螺栓头spring shackle板簧吊环upper control arm上控制臂ball joint球形接头stabilizer bar稳定杆cornering force回转力shock absorber减震器trailing links纵臂pinion angle小齿轮角U-joint万向节U-bolt u形螺栓fore-and-aft纵向的