It is well-known that the automobile is composed of four sections such as engine, chassis, body and electrical system.
The engine which is called the "heart" of a vehicle is used to supply power for an automobile. It includes the fuel, lubricating, cooling, ignition and starting systems. Generally, an automobile is operated by internal combustion engine. The internal combustion engine burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion or "explosion" into rotary force used to propel the vehicle.
发动机是汽车的心脏，向汽车提供动力。它包含有燃料系统、润滑系统、冷却系统、点火系统和起动系统。汽车一般采用内燃发动机。内燃发动机在汽缸里燃烧燃料将内燃所产生的膨胀力转变成旋转力，用以推动车辆前进。
The chassis is a framework used to assemble auto components on it. The chassis itself is divided into four systems like transmission system, suspension system, steering system and brake system.
底盘是一个用以总装汽车部件的框架。底盘本身可以分成四个系统，即传动系统、悬架系统、转向系统和制动系统。
The transmission system applies to the components needed to transfer the drive from the engine to the road wheels. The main components are clutch, gearbox, drive shaft, final drive and differential.
传动系统运用所需部件将发动机产生的动力传递到车轮。它的主要部件有离合器、变速器、传动轴、后桥和差速器。
The primary purpose of the suspension system is to increase strength and durability of components and to meet customers' requirements for riding comfort and driving safety. In automobile suspension, the major component is springs. The springs used on today's vehicles are engineered in a wide variety of types, sizes, rates and capacities. Spring types include leaf springs, coil springs and torsion bars. Springs are paired off on vehicles in various combinations, and are attached to vehicle by different mounting techniques.
悬架系统的主要目的是提高零部件的强度和寿命，并满足顾客对车辆乘坐舒适性和驾驶安全性的需求。
汽车悬架上的主要部件是弹簧。在当今车辆上使用的弹簧被设计制造成许多不同的型号、大小、标准及负载。弹簧类型包括钢板弹簧、螺旋弹簧和扭力弹簧。弹簧以各种组合形式在车辆上配套使用，并用不同的装配技术将弹簧装在车辆上。
The function of the steering system is to provide the driver with a means for controlling the 汽车itdirection of the vehicle as it moves. The steering system consists of steering wheel, steering shaft, worm, gear sector, pitman arm, drag link, steering knuckle arm, king pin, steering arms, tie rod, front axle and steering knuckle. They enable the car to change the direction by means of turning and moving forth and back.
转向系统的用途是在驾驶员的操纵下控制汽车行驶的方向。转向系统包括转向盘、转向轴、蜗杆、扇形齿轮、转向摇臂、直拉杆、转向节臂、主销、转向臂、转向横拉杆、前轴和转向节。这些零部件前后移动或转动，可以使汽车改变运动方向。
The automobile brake system is a friction device to change power into heat. When the brakes are applied, they convert the power of momentum of the moving vehicle {kinetic energy) into heat by means of friction, thus retarding the motion of the vehicle. Structurally,
an automotive brake system contains these major parts like brake drum, brake shoe, brake lining, etc. Functionally, an automotive brake system can be divided into wheel brake mechanism and parking brake mechanism.
汽车制动系统是一种将动力转变为热量的摩擦装置。当使用制动器时，制动器通过摩擦将行驶车辆的动量力转变成热量，从而使车辆运动停滞。从结构上讲，汽车制动系含有几个主要部件，如制动鼓、制动蹄片、制动器摩擦衬片等。从功能上讲，汽车制动系可分为行车制动机构和停车制动机构。
The automobile body serves the obvious purpose of providing shelter, comfort and protection for the occupants. The body is generally classified into four sections: the front, the rear, the top and the underbody. These sections can further fall into a lot of assemblies and parts, such as the hood, the fenders, the roof panels, the door, the instrument panel, the bumpers and the luggage compartment.
车身的基本功能就是向乘员提供保护，使其乘坐舒适并保证安全。车身一般分为四个部分:车前部、车后部、车顶部和车下部。这些部分可以进一步分为许多的分总成和部件，如发动机盖板、挡泥板、车身顶板、车门、仪表板、汽车保险杠和行李箱。
The electric system supplies lighting and driving power for the automobile. It cranks me engine for starting. It supplies the high-voltage surges that ignite the compressed air-fuel mixture in the combustion chambers. The electric system includes the battery, generator, starting system, ignition system, lighting system, horn system, radio and other devices.
电气系统向汽车提供照明与驱动电力。它能起动发动机、提供高压电脉冲点燃燃烧室中空气和燃油的高压混合气等。电气系统包括电池、发电机、起动系统、点火系统、照明系统、喇叭、收音机以及其他装置。
The auto description above seems to conclude that though automobiles are quite different in design, they are basically similar in structure.
综上所述，尽管汽车的设计变化很大，然而汽车的构造基本上是一样的。
Text Four-stage-engine Operation
There are various types of engines such as electric motors, steam engines and internal combustion engines. But, the internal combustion engine seems to be the one most comm
only used in the automotive field. According to the fuel energy used, internal combustion engines are further divided into gasoline engines, kerosene engines, diesel engines, etc.
四行程发动机工作过程
发动机有各种各样的类型，如电动机、蒸汽机和内燃机。但是，在汽车领域里内燃机似乎是用得最为普遍的发动机。根据所用燃料，内燃机还可分为汽油机、煤油机、柴油机等。
The internal combustion engine, as its name indicates, burns fuel within the cylinders and converts the expanding force of the combustion into rotary force used to propel the vehicle. The actions taking place in the engine cylinder can be classified into four stages, or strokes. "Stroke" refers to piston movement; a stroke occurs when the piston moves from one limiting position to the other. The upper limit of piston movement is called TDC (top dead center) .The lower limit of piston movement is called BDC (bottom dead center). A stroke is piston movement from TDC to BDC or from BDC to TDC. In other words, the piston completes a stroke each time it changes its direction of motion.
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