RFL 浸胶和橡胶的粘合机理
ADHESION OF RFL-TREATED CORDS TO RUBBER
NEW INSIGHTS INTO INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA
RFL浸胶帘线与橡胶的粘合
对粘合界面的最新认识
Chapter 1 Introduction: cord-rubber composites
A brief introduction is given about the importance of cord-rubber composites. The example of a car-tyre shows that the cords carry all the loads that a tyre is subjected to; this is illustrated by a comparison between bias and radial tyres. The adhesion between cords and rubber is very important with regard to safety as well as durability of tyres. In this chapter, the objective of the project is defined and a description of the setup of the thesis is outlined.
第一章 简介 帘线-橡胶的复合体
轮胎帘布
本节简单介绍了帘线-橡胶复合体的重要性：比如，汽车轮胎，帘线承载轮胎的所有负荷，帘线与橡胶之间的粘合力对轮胎的使用寿命、安全性能非常重要，本章将简述项目的目标和本论文的结构。
1.1        INTRODUCTION  引言
Cord-rubber composites can be found in every day life. Examples of applications are car- and bicycle tyres, high-pressure hoses and conveyor belts. Some essential under-the-hood applications are made of cord-rubber composites as well: timing belts, V-belts and radiator hoses are examples. By far the largest of all these examples is the car tyre. The application of cords in tyres is essential because the cords prevent large deformations of the rubber material when excessive forces are applied. These forces are caused by the air pressure of the tyre, and by accelerating, breaking and cornering of the car. The network of cords that provides the tyre with its strength and its shape is called the carcass. There are two types of carcass constructions in use, thereby dividing virtually all tyres in two categories: radial and bias tyres, Figure 
帘线和橡胶的复合体在日常生活中到处可见，比如汽车和自行车轮胎、高压胶管和橡胶输送带，包括汽车发动机室用的重要同步带、V带和散热水管等等。目前应用最大的就是汽车轮胎。在轮胎转向、加速、刹车时，轮胎会出现受力过大的情况，轮胎中的帘线可以避免轮胎中橡胶因受力增大出现大幅度变形。帘线的网状结构，给轮胎提供了强度以及外形。根据轮胎的骨架结构，轮胎分为两大类：斜交轮胎和织物轮胎。见图
        Bias tyre construction 斜交轮胎
The oldest tyre construction is called bias or cross ply: Figure . A bias tyre has a casing which is made of stacked reinforcing layers of cords, called plies, crossing over each other at an angle of 30¡ã to 40¡ã to the centre line of the tyre. These stacked plies reinforce both the tread and the sidewall and must therefore resist the forces caused by cornering, accelerating and breaking, but also maintain the shape of the tyre. Because of the required flexibility of the tyre sidewall, the all-sided reinforcement causes the tread to deform as well when driving over obstacles. This causes rapid wear, lower traction and higher fuel consumption compared to more recent radial tyres.
老式的轮胎结构称做斜交轮胎，如图1.1A所示斜交轮胎类似于用帘子布做成的一个罩盖，每层帘子布相互之间交叉排放，与轮胎的中心线形成一个30-40度的夹角。层叠起来的帘子布不仅要增强轮胎的胎体，同时要增强轮胎的胎侧，在能够抵抗转向、制动、加速的力量的同时，以保持轮胎的形状不变，由于轮胎的胎侧需要柔软性，因此轮胎通过障碍时，胎侧就会造成胎体的变形，从而造成轮胎的快速磨损，牵引力下降，能耗上升。而子午线轮胎就不会出现这种情况。
        Radial tyre construction 子午线轮胎
The first commercial tyre with radial belt construction was produced by Michelin in 1948: the ¡®Michelin X¡¯. A schematic reproduction of a radial tyre carcass is shown in Figure 1.1B. Textile cords are placed at 90¡ã to the direction of travel from bead to bead, designed to hold the air pressure and carry the load of the car. These cords are flexible and large deflections are allowed to absorb obstacles on the road for comfort. However, positioning the reinforcing cords in this direction, there is insufficient stabilisation of the circumference of the tyre, and the control and steering properties would be completely unacceptable. Ther
efore, additional plies of high modulus cords, usually steel, are placed at an angle of 16¡ã to 25¡ã underneath the tread. These plies are designed to carry the load caused by accelerating, breaking and cornering. The radial tyre separates the functions of the tread and the sidewall, where the bias tyre compromises the two.
子午线轮胎是米其林在1948年最先应用在商业轮胎上的。图1.1B所示是子午线轮胎的结构图，纺织材料的帘线和轮胎运动方向成90度夹角，用于承受气压和汽车的重量。这些帘线有更好的柔软性，更大的变形能力，吸收道路上障碍，乘坐舒适。但这样方向布置的帘线，轮胎圆周方向的稳定性就差，其操控性能是无法接受。所以，因此通常采用钢丝一类的高模量帘线，和带束成16-25度的夹角，这些帘线承受转向、制动、加速所产生的负荷，子午线轮胎将带束层和胎体层功能的帘线分开，而斜交轮胎则是合并在一起的用一种帘线。
        Safety issues regarding tyres
A proper reinforcement of a tyre is essential, not only for comfort and handling, but the tyre is also an important part of the car regarding safety. Even under extreme conditions, low tyre pressure, hot weather or during an emergency break, the tyres must remain intact sinc
e it represents the connection between the car and the road. Actually, with modern porous asphalt (Dutch: ¡°ZOAB¡±) road coverage, the real contact surface between tyre and road is of the size of a large postal stamp.2 This clearly illustrates the sensitivity of this technology for safety.
轮胎必须得到正确的增强，不仅是为了舒适性和可操纵性，同时轮胎也是汽车的一个重要的安全部件，由于轮胎将汽车和道路之间连接部件，即使遇到很恶劣的环境，气压不足，高温天气，紧急刹车，轮胎必须保持完好，实际上，在如今的槽面柏油路面上，轮胎和道路之间接触就像一个大邮戳的图章，这说明这一技术对安全的敏感性。
In 2001, certain types of Firestone tyres installed on Ford Explorer SUV¡¯s, separated causing the vehicles to tumble. In the USA, this caused 174 deaths, more than 700 injuries and around 6000 complaints of tyre blow-outs at highway speeds.3 Most of the accidents happened in the warm southern states.4 For both Ford and Firestone the financial damage was enormous, because of the lawsuits involved5 and the need to recall nearly 20 million tyres and more than 100.000 cars6, 7: see the newspaper article in Figure 1.2. Firestone bl
amed Ford for advising a too low tyre pressure and Ford blamed Firestone for using dried-out rubber, resulting in insufficient adhesion between the tyre tread and the rest of the tyre.