汽车文摘
李骏1
王永军2
（1.清华大学车辆与运载学院，北京100083；2.中国第一汽车股份有限公司创新技术研究院，汽车振动噪
汽车交通声与安全控制综合技术国家重点实验室，长春130013）
【摘要】汽车制造商（OEM ）和供应商的全球创新者正在加速智能网联汽车（ICV ）的创新，包括美国，欧洲和日本。中国
是全球最大的汽车市场，中国智能网联汽车产业创新联盟（CAICV ）宣布了中国ICV 愿景。联合国的报告指出，到2050年将有68%的人口居住在城市中。系统架构和市场应用是实现中国智慧城市、智慧交通和智慧车辆（SCSTSV ）愿景的关键。介绍了SCSTSV 的功能系统架构，此后进行了市场应用和分析，中国的ICV 战略应与智能城市和新一代智能交通发展相结合，在智慧城市和智能交通发展的大背景下，SCSTSV 将成为未来智能汽车设计和开发的新重点。
主题词：智能网联汽车（ICV ）智慧城市智慧交通
中图分类号：U495
文献标识码：A
DOI:10.19822/jki.1671-6329.20210024
Smart Cities,Smart Transport,Smart Vehicles (SCSTSV)in China
—Development Strategies,System Architecture and Market Application
Li Jun 1Wang Yongjun 2
（1.Shool of Vehicle and Mobility,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100083；2.Innovative Technology Research Institute,State
Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Technology on Automobile Vibration and Noise &Safety Control,China FAW Corporation Limited,Changchun 130013）
【Abstract 】Global innovators from OEMs and suppliers are accelerating innovation on Intelligent and Connected Vehicle (ICV),ranging from US,Europe and Japan.China is the largest auto market around t
he globe,China Industry Technology Innovation Strategic Alliance for the Intelligent and Connected Vehicles (CAICV)has announced the vision of China ICV,UN ’s report indicated that 68%of global population will live in cities in 2050,development strategies,system architecture and market application are the keys to realize the vision of Smart Cities,Smart Transport,Smart Vehicles (SCSTSV)in China.This paper describes the functional system architecture for SCSTSV,market application and analysis are made hereafter,China ’s ICV strategies should be integrated with new generation development of smart cities and
intelligent transportation,SCSTSV will be the new focus for the future design and development in the smart city and smart transportation context.
Key words:Intelligent and Connected Vehicle (ICV),Smart city,Smart Transport
【欢迎引用】李骏，王永军.中国智慧城市、智慧交通和智能汽车（SCSTSV ）—发展战略、系统构架和应用[J].汽车文摘，2021（3）：1-7.
【Cite this paper 】Li J,Wang Y.Smart Cities,Smart Transport,Smart Vehicles (SCSTSV)in China —Development Strategies,System
Architecture and Market Application [J].Automotive Digest (Chinese),2021(3):1-7.中国智慧城市、智慧交通和智能汽车（SCSTSV ）
—发展战略、系统构架和应用
1INTRODUCTION
Chinese automotive industry continues to grow and has been the largest automotive market in the world since 2009.It is predicted that numbers of vehicles sold across mainland China will be over 26.3million units in 2021,as 25.2million units are produced,and 25.3million units
[1]are sold in 2020.
According to statistics of The Ministry of Public Security of the P.R.China,Car population has reached 187million units[2],numbers of cars per 1000persons are 150[3],which is only 25%of average level of 600in the developed countries.In the meantime,China has been facing enormous pressures both from environmental and
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2021年第3期
The City Environment for the development of China
ICV lies on a new generation of smart city architecture built in the future of China.
The integration of 6important features of a new generation of smart cities in China and the in-depth integration of vehicles will create a mobility service platform for the new generation of smart cities,namely the "smart car cloud management platform".The resulting smart city environment will surely support vehicle intelligence progress in China.6important
features include autonomous driving,cloud service,city infrastructure,mobility service,data center and connected life.
European Union has just released a new concept of smart city development with Integrated Urban Mobility,which is shown in the Fig.2,in the Strategic Research Agenda on 23March 2018[6],the concept of Integrated Urban Mobility and Informed decision-making is very useful reference for China ’s future smart city development.
social perspectives.With the ever increased amount of cars [2]and huge population,automobile-related issues encountered in China ’s social development are traffic accidents,traffic congestion and difficultie
s in parking.According to statistics,the number of traffic accidents has been higher in the last 5years [4],motor vehicle related crash occurred 620times in 2018,with casualties [2].
In 2015,average travel time is prolonged more than 1.5hours during rush hours according to the statistics of 43cities in China [4].In cities,20minutes (about 1/3of total travel time)alone is needed for searching a parking lot [4].On the other hand people are suffering from polluted air and environment where the ever increased huge car population is blamed for certain extent.
Economy and environment development in China are plagued by the traffic accidents [4]and related issues.68%of people on the earth will live in cities in 2050according to the UN report [5],China ’s urbanization will promote more people to live in cities.
To solve these problems,to end the traffic casualties and mitigate the influence on environment from the point of view of automotive sustainable development and perspectives,China ’s auto industry needs to develop ICVs.The vision,mission and solution for China's ICV development will be included in four application scenarios.
The first application scenario is the mobility on express way.Development of smart and safe cars is crucial as our societies are facing the casualty losses of traffic,especially on express way,the vision of
smart and safe car is to realize zero casualty in future.The most typical advanced technologies for smart and safe cars are the connectivity and intelligence based on AI,which is the ultimate solution to the issues on express way;
The second application scenario is the mobility in mega cities.A smart mobile car with the vision of being efficient and comfortable,is a must for the future mobility in mega cities in terms of being efficient and comfortable for both customers and infrastructures.The most typical concept is being connected and intelligent,to solve the problem of congestion in mega cities.
The third application scenario is shared mobility,or smart shared car,with its vision is “no need to own ”.The most typical product is the connected,intelligent and driverless shared car,or Smart Vehicle which runs in Smart City with Smart Transportation system Vehicle (SCSTSV).
The fourth is “smart cloud management platform ”.Its vision is to realize the “real-time management,real-time service.”
The concept of the China ICV Development Strategy is “to fully integrate international standards based on Chinese laws and formulate China ’s national standards for scenarios,maps,transportation,communications and security (Fig.1).”
The connotations of China ’s ICV development strategies are:“Based on China's new generation of smart cities and collaborative intelligent transportation systems,to achieve a deep integration of smart cities,intelligent transportation and smart cars.”
China ’s new generation of smart cities and collaborative intelligent transportation systems have 10important features respectively,as shown in Table 1.These features are beneficial to the development of China ’s ICV
.
Fig.1Development Strategies for China ’s ICV
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汽车文摘
The integration of 10key features of smart cities
with automobiles (Table 1.)will result in a new generation of smart city mobility services.
EU recently announced efficient hybrid traffic control architecture,which includes Services Layer,Strategic Layer,Tactical Layer as well as Operational Layer [7].The four-in-one architecture is a reference for China ’s future construction of a new generation of intelligent traffic architecture.
The development goal of China city ICV is to build a deep integration system in Smart City with Smart Traffic for Smart Vehicle (SCSTSV).The smart vehicle cloud service platform will be based on ubiquitous sensing,safe,efficient Internet and big data.Among them AI is the core of the deep integration of SCSTSV .
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FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM OF CHINA
SCSTSV
2.1
Challenges of China City ICV-L4
Chinese city ICV-L4(Level 4),according to the definition of automated driving system of SAE International [8],must effectively solve the issues of safe,efficient mobility and intelligent sharing of ICV in complex urban scenes in China.
The urban ICV-L4design faces 3major challenges,
which include the complex environmental perception,Safety Of The Intended Functionality (SOTIF)[9]as well as Responsibility-Sensitive Safety (RSS).
To meet these three challenges,one must start with the design criteria for establishing a computing platform for Chinese city ICV .Innovatively design of a special Functional System Architecture which is suitable for Chinese urban scenarios is a key he Functional System Architecture of China SCSTSV .
Table 1.Features of Smart city and Smart Transportation Fig.2Integrated Urban Mobility of EU in 2050[6]
The transportation environment for the development of China ICV is a new generation of intelligent traffic
architecture in China.China ’s next-generation transportation architecture should be built as a 3-tier str
ucture,with “ITS service layer,Infrastructure layer and Terminal layer ”.Corresponding to these three layers,there are ITS Center Cloud (Center System Unit,CSU),Intelligent Traffic Edge Cloud (ESU),Wireless Access Network (4G/5G),plus Intelligent and Connected Vehicle-mounted terminals,which will work together in a four-in-one manner.Therefore the resulting Smart Transportation Environment is bound to strongly support
the intelligentization of Chinese automobiles,which is shown in Fig.3.
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10Smart City
Digital space rebuilt The overall percep⁃tion of the physical city City networking with information Data fusion from multi sources and hetero⁃geneous
Throughout coopera⁃tive Infrastructure Intelligent industry development New type of mobility strengthened Digital and intelligent life Intelligent manage⁃ment of city Shared city
Smart Transportation
Cooperative sensing based on multi base
Mobility demand is active identified High reliable multi modal communication Road resources optimized Cloud fusion for control infor⁃mation Secured communication for ve⁃hicle and road Data driven optimized throughout control Mobility optimized processed service throughout whole chain Transport big data and cloud control platform Standard intelligent vehicles
Fig.3China ’s new generation ITS architecture
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2021年第3期
2.2.2Design Principle 2and Innovative Solution of
Computing Platform for SCSTSV .
(1)Design Principle 2
The second design criterion of the SCSTSV computing platform is to safely and reliably solve the safety issues of intended functionality,based on SOTIF.
Urban traffic scenarios are complex in China and there are a large number of unknown unsafe scenarios that are prone to occur,due to the expected automatic driving accidents caused by functional failure of SOTIF.It is not only necessary to make full use of “city data and sensing ”,but also to shrink unknown unsafe scenarios area 3,which is shown on Fig.5[9],by a new special design of computing platform architecture.
(2)Innovative Solution
In accordance with the Design Principle 2above,the second innovative solution is made for the SCSTSV computing platform.That is,the “communication/
warning layer ”which is added between the localization/mapping layer and the planning/control layer of the 3-layer architecture of current vehicle computing platforms shown in Fig.6,which includes Sensing/Perception,Localization/Mapping and Planning/Control.The four-layer architecture enables smart cars to communicate with other associated moving objects before implementing driving control,and issue warning information when necessary to reduce accidents in unknown unsafe scenarios.
Fig.5Visualisation of the Known/Unknown Use Case
categories [9]
2.2Design Principles and Innovative Solutions
2.2.1Design Principle 1and Innovative Solution of Computing Platform for SCSTSV
(1)Design Principle 1
One of the design criteria for the SCSTSV computing platform is to use “urban data and sensing ”to leanly and efficiently perceive urban traffic scenarios.China's smart cities are growing at a faster pace,with a wider spread,and the direction of development is urban digitization and sharing.In 2011,there were 99smart cities in China,by 2017it increased to 500,covering Beijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,Chongqing and other big cities [10].The development of smart cities in China is characterized by the establishment of urban big data centers,the implementation of cloud services,and the development of intelligent transportation systems.Promoting shared travel,these resources can be further improved and upgraded to serve urban ICVs,Therefore,the concept of “Urban Data and Sensing ”is proposed to make full use of the real-time big data of smart cities and 5G&V2X,which conceives the SCSTSV computing
platform to cope with the issue of complex urban environment perception and intelligent sharing travel problems.
(2)Innovative Solution
Based on the concept of “Urban data and sensing ”,an innovative design is made for the in-vehicle computing platform controller architecture,which is shown on Fig.4,where Smart City Sensors (SC)will
provide dynamic real-time information,such as city travel and logistics decisions,city landmarks and maps,as well as urban resources (such as parking spaces),etc.
While the Smart Traffic Sensors (ST)will provide traffic sign information,traffic light information and remote traffic flow information,etc.
“Urban Data and Sensing ”enhances the perception capabilities and comprehensive planning capabilities of the computing platform,and it can reduce the cost of smart car sensors.Developing the in-vehicle computing platform controller architecture,based on “urban data and sensing ”,enables deep integration of smart cities,smart traffic and smart
cars.
Fig.4Innovative Solution 1—Architecture of In-Vehicle Computing Platform Controller using “Urban Data and Sensing ”
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汽车文摘
2.2.3Design Principle 3and Innovation Solution of SCSTSV computing platform
(1)Design Principle 3
In Chinese cities,irregular driving behavior and disharmony are important reasons for the low traffic efficiency and frequent traffic accidents.Therefore,the design of the future SCSTSV computing platform must establish the third Design Principle of “harmony of driving behavior standards ”.
Fig.6Innovative solution 2of SCSTSV computing platform
design –add on communication early warning layer
The Responsibility Sensitive Safety(RSS)currently being discussed internationally is necessary to comply with the design of the SCSTSV computing platform,for example,RSS does not allow autopilot cars to make judgments and driving behaviors that lead to collisions;
RSS does not allow autonomous vehicles to avoid another accident by causing minor accidents.
RSS principle 1:Keeping the safe space,who violates,whose fault.
(a)If a rear car hits a front car,it ’s always the rear car ’s fault.
(b)If the front car performs a reckless cut into another car ’s trajectory and the rear car then hits the front car from behind.In that case,it ’s the front car ’s fault.
RSS principle 2:To be careful with respect to situations where sight is limited.
(a)Calculate an assumption of the highest reasonable velocity.
(b)A V will not take a command that would put it
at risk of causing a collision,even with an object that it can ’t see.
(c)RSS will manage the A V ’s speed so that it can always brake in time to avoid a collision with the pedestrian.
(2)Innovation solution
In order to achieve the Design Principle 3above,models in the computing platform architecture of SCSTSV are introduced,shown in Fig.7,where Intelligence quotient (IQ),Emotional quotient (EQ)and adverse situation quotient (AQ)are shown in Fig.7.
Fig.7IQ,EQ,AQ models
Among them,EQ is related to the design Principle of “harmony of driving norms ”.EQ is the ability to co
ntrol emotions and behaviors for humans.For SCSTSV ,it is an autonomous driving behavior,that conforms to rules and habits,does not disturb others,has clear intentions,in which the passenger feels fluent,smooth and swift.
2.3SCSTSV computing platform architecture Architecture of SCSTSV in-vehicle computing platform is established (Fig.8),which is lean,efficient,safe and reliable,and adapts to the urban traffic scene in China.The architecture includes
followings.
Fig.8SCSTSV computing platform architecture
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